不同相伴阴离子对镉污染红壤的微生物活性影响

通过外加醋酸镉和氯化镉的室内培养试验研究了相伴阴离子对镉污染红壤微生物活性的影响。结果表明 ,在相同镉浓度下相伴OAc- 对镉污染红壤的微生物生物量碳、基础呼吸和代谢商以及脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性的抑制作用大于相伴Cl- ,统计分析显示 ,镉相伴OAc- 与Cl- 除对红黄泥的代谢商未达明显影响外 ,对供试红壤的其它微生物活性指标均达到显著差异 (p <0 0 5 )。用醋酸镉处理的土壤有效态镉含量明显高于氯化镉处理。钾盐试验结果表明 ,相伴OAc- 与Cl- 对土壤微生物活性没有产生明显抑制作用 ,OAc- 甚至还存在一定的刺激效应。可见 ,相伴OAc- 对镉污染红壤的微生物毒害作用大于相伴Cl- ,其直接原因可能是用醋酸镉处理的生物有效性镉明显高于氯化镉处理所致。     

模拟机械压实对黑土微团聚体组成及稳定性的影响

采用田间模拟机械压实的方法,通过对不同深度压实土壤水稳性微团聚体组成、平均质量比表面积、分形维数和分散系数等特征指标的测定、计算与分析,研究了机械压实对黑土区耕作土壤微团聚体组成及稳定性的影响。结果表明:0~20 cm表层土壤仅12次压实时平均质量比表面积、分形维数和分散系数显著高于对照(P0.05);20~40 cm亚表层土壤3次压实时平均质量比表面积、分形维数值显著降低,而12次压实时平均质量比表面积、分形维数和分散系数显著增加(P0.05);40~80 cm下层土壤,平均质量比表面积、分形维数和分散系数随压实次数的增加而增大,除3次和6次压实之间外,其他处理间差异均达显著水平(P0.05)。可以认为,压实对黑土区耕作土壤团聚体组成及稳定性的影响表现为下层土壤的积累压实为主。     

Effects of prescribed fire on rates of decomposition and nitrogen mineralization in a ponderosa pine ecosystem

Summary The effects of a prescribed fire in a ponderosa pine ecosystem on the rates of decomposition and nitrogen mineralization (including ammonification and nitrification) in the forest floor and mineral soil horizons were evaluated. The prescribed fire immediately increased the rates of nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in the forest floor of all burned plots and in the mineral soil of one plot. The rates of decomposition, as measured by CO2 evolution, in both the forest floor and mineral soil were not significantly different immediately after the burn when expressed on an organic matter basis. The rates of nitrogen mineralization in the forest floor and mineral soil were higher 6 and 10 months after the burn. The rate of decomposition (as measured by respiration) was lower in the forest floor but not in the mineral soil 6 and 10 months after the burn. Volatile organics that may inhibit rates of nitrogen mineralization may have been consumed by prescribed fire.     

Biochemical characterization of biological activity in very young mine soils

Summary A number of biochemical parameters reflecting biological activity (respiration, ATP, enzyme activities) were determined in 0- to 7-year-old lignite mine soils. C (as CO₂) and ATP contents and hydrolytic enzyme activities all increased with soil age. The kinetics of CO₂ release showed that both labile and recalcitrant C-bearing substrates were mineralized, the mineralization constant of C decreased with soil age, but were always greater than those of native soils. The percentage of N mineralization, which tended to decrease with soil age, resulted in all cases in a predominance of ammoniacal forms. These findings suggest that since organic C and N accumulated with age in these soils, the C and N cycle is established progressively.     

Development of texture contrast soils by a combination of bioturbation and translocation

Soils and weathering profiles in a wide variety of parent materials and environmental settings exhibit coarse-over-fine vertical textural contrasts. Where these cannot be attributed to inherited texture contrasts or erosion–deposition, the most common explanations are based on translocation (eluviation–illuviation) which removes clays from surface layers and deposits them in the subsoil; or bioturbation, where preferentially fine material is delivered to the surface by organisms, from whence erosional winnowing creates a coarse surface layer. In some soils of the lower coastal plain of North Carolina, U.S.A., neither explanation is sufficient to explain the observed texture contrasts. A heuristic model based on a combination of translocation of fine material from surface to subsoil, and bioturbation-driven delivery and recycling of material to the surface can explain the observed vertical textural contrasts. The key elements in the model are coastal plain sediments which include some fine material; eluviation–illuviation by percolating water; delivery of additional fine and mixed grain size material to surface by bioturbation, making it available for translocation; concentration of fine material originally scattered throughout the parent material in a B horizon; and maintenance of vertical moisture fluxes by bioturbation. The model is supported by morphological evidence of the key mechanisms, argillic horizons that are finer than both the surface layers and underlying parent material, evidence that argillic horizon formation is not limited by the rate of clay synthesis, and the absence of texture contrasts in nearby soils formed from dune sands which lack fines.     

砂质农业土壤养分积累和迁移特点的研究

研究表明，砂质土壤开垦农用后，土壤有机质和保肥性（CEC）明显下降。除大棚蔬菜地外，施用的氮和钾肥不易在土壤中积累，很容易在短时间内沿剖面迁移至地下水，或随地表径流迁移至周围水体。但磷可以活性较高的可提取态形式积累在砂质土壤剖面中，并可逐渐随水进入地下水或迁至地表水，对环境造成危害。长期施用化肥的砂质农地地下水中磷、氮浓度可达到较高的水平。田间观测和模拟淋洗试验表明，砂土中养分极易随水迁移，高浓度的养分流失常发生在施肥后的降雨过程中。因此在砂质土壤上应避免高量施肥，肥料宜少量多次施用，不宜在雨前施用肥料。     

Effect of continuous maize-cropping on yield,organic carbon mineralization and phosphorus supply of savannah soils in western Nigeria

Summary Sixty surface soils collected from major soil classes in the western Nigeria savannah were cropped to maize 6 times in succession without P fertilization. Dry matter yields, %P and P uptake decreased significantly until the sixth cropping. Organic matter decreased with cropping but no significant loss in total P was recorded. Inorganic P and saloid-bound P decreased, while organic P, Al-P, Ca-P and Fe-P increased. All the changes had little or no relationship with yield and P uptake while contributions from saloid-bound and Al-P utilization by maize were indicated. Bray's P₁ available P decreased until the fourth cropping, but increased afterwards. The increase notwithstanding, lower correlations were obtained with yield and P uptake of the succeeding crops.     

农田生态系统碳循环模型研究进展和展望

农田生态系统是陆地生态系统碳循环过程中最活跃的碳库。研究农田生态系统碳循环,对温室气体减排及研究全球气候的变化都具有极其重要的意义。农田生态系统碳循环研究是一个非常复杂的过程,碳循环模型是研究农田生态系统碳循环最有效的手段。该文综述了农田生态系统碳循环的最新研究进展,总结了农田生态系统碳循环的流动过程,介绍了碳素在不同碳库以及碳库不同组分之间迁移转化的规律,梳理了从1960年至今的农田生态系统碳循环模型并进行了分类,阐述了国际主要模型以及中国自主开发的碳循环模型的应用情况。未来农田生态系统碳循环的研究方向为:1)探索农田生态系统碳循环机制;2)从空间时间上完善对碳循环过程的研究;3)考察氮循环、水循环、微生物与碳循环的关系;4)利用碳循环模型来估算不同的管理实践下碳在不同农田的再分配;5)开发利用碳循环模型,为政府制定相关政策提供相关数据参考。